Sains Malaysiana 53(3)(2024): 519-532

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5303-04

Enhancing Seedling Performance Direct Seeded Rice under Anaerobic Germination Condition by Seed Invigoration

(Meningkatkan Prestasi Anak Benih Padi Pembenihan Terus di bawah Keadaan Percambahan Anaerobik dengan Pencergasan Benih)

SRI WAHYUNI^1,*, NURWULAN AGUSTIANI¹, INDRASTUTI APRI RUMANTI¹, SWISCI MARGARET¹, SELLY SALMA¹ & SHINTA DEWI ARDHIYANTI²

¹Research Center for Food Crops, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor Regency, West Java, Indonesia

² Indonesian Center for Rice Standard Testing, Indonesian Agency of Agricultural Standardization, Ministry of Agriculture, Jl. Raya 9, Sukamandi, Subang Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia

Diserahkan: 11 September 2022/Diterima: 23 Februari2024

Abstract

In an effort to address labor scarcity and enhance the cropping index in tidal swamp areas, farmers utilize direct seeding techniques. However, flooded conditions due to tides and ebb can hinder seed germination. This study aimed to obtain the best invigoration treatment for improving seedling establishment and growth in South Sumatra's tidal swamp hotspots. In the first part of the study, 19 different seed treatments were tested on the swamp rice variety, Inpara 9, in a greenhouse. These treatments included hardening, priming, thermal treatment, and controls. Soluble sugar content and α-amylase activities of treated seeds were analyzed in the lab. The results showed that the invigorated seeds outperformed the control group in terms of seedling growth and development when they were planted directly in the ground under both anaerobic germination (AG) and anaerobic germination with extra FeSO₄ added to the soil (AG+Fe) conditions. All treated seeds also exhibited higher soluble sugar and α-amylase activities. A follow-up experiment in a hotspot area assessed the effectiveness of the top nine seed treatments from the first experiment under AG conditions. The flooded level was managed at around 10 cm during the experiment and Inpara-9 was the variety planted. All invigorated seeds exhibited superior seedling establishment and growth compared to the control on in-situ swampy land. Hardening using Trichoderma yielded the highest seedling establishment and performance, indicated by greater root and shoot dry weight than other treatments, followed by hardening with Methylobacterium td-J7 and Methylobacterium td-tpb3.

Keywords: Anaerobic germination; hardening, Methylobacterium; rice; seedling establishment

 Abstrak

Dalam usaha menangani kekurangan buruh dan meningkatkan indeks tanaman di kawasan paya pasang surut, petani menggunakan teknik pembenihan terus. Bagaimanapun, keadaan banjir akibat air pasang dan surut boleh menghalang percambahan benih. Penyelidikan ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan rawatan pencergasan terbaik untuk meningkatkan penumbuhan dan pertumbuhan anak benih di kawasan paya pasang surut Sumatera Selatan. Kajian bermula dengan uji kaji rumah hijau dengan 19 rawatan benih terpilih, termasuk hardening, penyebuan, rawatan haba dan kawalan telah diuji pada varieti padi paya, Inpara 9. Kandungan gula larut dan aktiviti α-amilase benih dirawat dianalisis dalam makmal. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa benih yang dicergaskan mengatasi prestasi kawalan dalam perkembangan dan pertumbuhan anak benih apabila ditanam secara langsung ex-situ di bawah kedua-dua percambahan anaerobik (AG) dan percambahan anaerobik dengan 3000-ppm FeSO4 ditambah kepada tanah (AG+Fe). Semua benih yang dirawat juga menunjukkan aktiviti gula larut dan α-amilase yang lebih tinggi. Percubaan susulan di kawasan titik panas menilai keberkesanan rawatan sembilan benih teratas daripada percubaan pertama di bawah keadaan AG. Paras banjir telah diuruskan pada kira-kira 10 cm semasa uji kaji dan varieti yang ditanam adalah Inpara-9. Kesemua benih yang dicergaskan menunjukkan penubuhan dan pertumbuhan anak benih yang unggul berbanding dengan tanah paya kawalan in-situ. Hardening menggunakan Trichoderma menghasilkan pembentukan dan prestasi anak benih yang tertinggi, ditunjukkan oleh berat kering akar dan pucuk yang lebih besar daripada rawatan lain, diikuti dengan hardening dengan Methylobacterium td-J7 dan Methylobacterium td-tpb3.

Kata kunci: Hardening; Methylobacterium; padi; penubuhan anak benih; percambahan anaerobik

REFERENCES

Adachi, Y., Sugiyama, M., Sakagami, J.I., Fukuda, A., Ohe, M. & Watanabe, H. 2015. Seed germination and coleoptile growth of new rice adapted to hypoxic conditions. Plant Prod. Sci. 18: 471-475.

Barik, J., Kumar, V., Lenka, S.K. & Panda, D. 2020. Assessment of variation in morphophysiological traits and genetic diversity in relation to submergence tolerance of five indigenous lowland rice landraces. Rice Science 27(1): 32-43. www.sciencedirect.com

Bhardwaj, N.R. & Kumar, J. 2017. Characterization of volatile secondary metabolites from Trichoderma asperellum. J. of Applied and Natural Sciences 9(2): 954-957.

Cai, F., Yu, G., Wang, P., Wei, Z., Fu, L., Shen, Q. & Chen, W. 2013. Harzianolide, a novel plant growth regulator and systemic resistance elicitor from Trichoderma harzianum. Plant Physiol. Bioch. 73: 106-113.

DeGarmo, E.P., Sullivan, W.G. & Canada, J.R. 1984. Engineering Economy. 7th ed. New York: Macmillan.

Doley, D., Barua, M., Sarma, D. & Barua, P.K. 2018. Screening and enhancement of anaerobic germination of rice genotypes by pre-sowing seed treatments. Current Sci. 115(6): 1185-1190. doi:10.18520/c5/v115/i6/1185-1190

Doni, F., Anizan, I., Che Radziah, C.M.Z., Salman, A.H., Rodzihan, M.H. & Yusof, W.M.W. 2014. Enhancement of rice seed germination and vigour by Trichoderma spp. Res. J. App. Sci. Eng. Technol. 7(21): 4547-4552.

El-Handawy, S.E., Seno, C., Ito, O. & Sakagami, J.I. 2011. Evaluation of germination ability in rice under anaerobic condition by cluster analysis Research Journal of Seed Sci. 4: 82-93.

Hapsari, R.T., Salma, S., Widajati, E. & Sari, M. 2016. Peranan Methylobacterium spp. dalam meningkatkan dan mempertahankan vigor benih kedelai. Iptek Tanaman Pangan 11(1): 57-66.

Hasanuddin, Vina Maulidia & Syamsuddin. 2016. Perlakuan biopriming kombinasi air kelapa muda dan Trichoderma terhadap viabilitas dan vigor benih cabai kadaluarsa (Capsicum annum L.).  J. Agrotek Lestari 2(2): 75-82.                                                               

He, K., Nukada, H., Urakami, T. & Murphy, M. 2003. Antioxidant and prooxidant of pyroloquinole-quinon (PQQ): Implications of its function in biological systems. Biochem. Pharmacol. 65(1): 67-74.

Jorge, G.L., Kisiala, A., Morrison, A., Aoki, M., Nogueira, A.P.O. & Emery, R.J.N. 2019. Endosymbiotic Methylobacterium oryzae mitigates the impact of limited water availability in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) by increasing plants cytokinin level. Environmental and Experimental Botany 162: 525-540.

Joshi, E., Kumar, D., Lal, B., Nepalia, V., Gautam, P. & Vyas, AK. 2013. Management of direct seeded rice for enhanced resource – use efficiency. Plant Knowledge J. 2(3): 119-134.

Kamran, M., Wang, D., Xiu, K., Lu, Y., Shi, C., Sabagh, A.E., Gu, W. & Xu, P. 2021. Pre-sowing seed treatment with kinetin and calcium mitigates salt induced inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth of choysum (Brassica rapa var. parachinensis). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 227: 112921.

Kaur, J. & Singh, A. 2017. Direct seeded rice: Prospects, problems/constraints and researchable issues. Current Agric. Res. J. 5(1): 13-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/ CARJ.5.1.03

Kosmiatin, M., Husni, A. & Salma, S. 2021. In vitro growth response of Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) cultured in medium containing Methylobacterium spp. filtrate. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environ. Sci. 762: 012076. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/762/1/012076

Kumar, P.S., Kamaraj, A., Suganthi, S. & Prabbu, T. 2019. Effect of pre sowing seed hardening treatment on seed quality, crop growth and seed yield in rice cv IR64. J. of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry SP2: 594-597.

Lee, S.S. & Kim, J.H. 2000. Total sugars, α-amylase activity and germination after priming of normal and aged rice seeds. Kor. J. Crop Sci. 45: 108-111.

Lee, S.Y., Lee, J.H. & Kwon, T.O. 2002. Varietal differences in seed germination and seedling vigor of Korean rice varieties following dry heat treatments. Seed Sci. Technol. 30: 311-321.

Manangkil, O.E., Vu, H.T.T., Yoshida, S., Mori, N. & Nakamura, C. 2008. A simple, rapid, and reliable bioassay for evaluating seedling vigor under submergence in indica and japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.). Euphytica 163: 267-274.

Matsushima, K.I. & Sakagami, J.I. 2013. Effect of seed hydropriming on germination and seedling vigor during emergence of rice under different soil moisture conditions. American J. of Plant Sci. 4: 1584-1593.

Megazyme. 2018. Alpha-amylase: Assay procedure (Ceralpha methods) K-Cera 06/18.

Miro, B. & Ismail, A.M. 2013. Tolerance of anaerobic conditions caused by flooding during germination and early growth in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Front. Plant. Sci. 4: 269. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00269

Mondal, S., Khan, M.I.R., Dixit, S., Cruz, P.C.S., Septiningsih, E.M. & Ismail, A.M. 2020. Growth, productivity, and grain quality of AG1 and AG2 QTLs introgression lines under flooding in direct-seeded rice system. Field Crop Research 248: 107713.

Palberg, D., Kisiala, A., Jorge, G.L. & Emery, R.J.N. 2022. A survey of Methylobacterium species and strains reveals widespread production and varying profile of cytokinin phytohormones. BMC Microbiology 22: 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-022-02454-9

Prohens, J., Soler, S. & Nuez, F. 1999. The effects of thermotherapy and sodium hypochlorite treatments on pepino seed germination, a crucial step in breeding programmes. Annals of Applied Biology 134: 209-305. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1999.tb05268.x

Quero-Jiménez, P.C., Montenegro, O.N., Sosa, R., de la Torre, J.B., Acosta, J.V., Pérez, D.L., Rodríguez, A.S., Méndez, R.R., Alonso, A.C., Corrales, A.J. & Hernández, N.B. 2019. Total carbohydrates concentration in product of microbial origin. Afinindad 76(587): 195-203.

Salleh, M.S., Nordin, M.S. & Puteh, A.B. 2020. Germination performance and biochemical change under drought stress of primed rice seeds. Seed Sci. and Technol. 48(3): 333-343. https://doi.org/10.15258/sst.2020.48.3.02

Sanchez-Lopez, A.S., Pintelon, I., Stevens, V., Imperato, V., Timmermans, J-P., Gonzalez-Chavez, C., Carillo-Gonzalez, R., Hamma, J.V., Vangronveld, J. & Thijs, S. 2018. Seed endophyte microbiome of Crotalaria pumilaUnpelled: Identification of plant-beneficial methylobacteria. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19: 291. doi:10.3390/ijms19010291

Shah, T., Latif, S., Khan, H., Munsif, F. & Nie, L. 2019. Ascorbic acid priming enhance seed germination and seedling growth of winter wheat under low temperature due to late sowing in Pakistan. Agronomy 9(11): 757. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9110757

Su, J., Dai, M., He, B., Wang, L., Gan, J., Guo, X., Zhao, H. & Yu, F. 2017. Tracing the origin of the oxygen-consuming organic matter in the hypoxic zone in a large eutrophic estuary: the lower reach of the Pearl River Estuary, China. Biogeosciences 14(18): 4085-4099. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4085-2017

Subhaswaraj, P., Jobina, R., Parasuraman, P. & Siddhardha, B. 2017. Plant growth promoting activity of pink pigmented facultative methylotroph-Methylobacterium extorquens MM2 on Lycopersicon esclentum L. J. of Applied Biology and Biotechnology 5(01): 042-046. DOI: 10.7324/JABB.2017.50107

Sukifto, R., Nulit, R., Kong, Y.C., Sidek, N., Mahadi, S.N., Mustafa, N. & Razak, R.A. 2020. Enhancing germination and early growth of Malaysian indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) using hormonal priming with gibberellic acid (GA3). AIMS Agriculture and Food 5(4): 649-665.

Suleman, Y., Maftu’ah, E., Mukhlis, M., Anwar, K., Karolinoerita, V., Wakhid, N., Saleh, M., Khairullah, I., Agustiani, N., Anggara, A.W., Sasmita, P., Rumanti, I.A., Sastro, Y., Ahmad, M. & Wuryanto, D. 2022. Tidal rice yield assessment in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, under different cultural practices. Resources 11(12): 116.  https://doi.org/10.3390/resources11120116

Susilawati, A., Nusyamsi, D. & Syakir, M. 2016. Optimalisasi penggunaan lahan rawa pasang surut mendukung swasembada pangan nasional. Jurnal Sumber Daya Lahan 10(1): 51-64.

Susilawati, H.L., Setyanto, P., Kartikawati, R. & Sutriadi, M.T. 2019. The opportunity of direct seeding to mitigate greenhouse gas emission from paddy rice field. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 393: 012042. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/393/1/012042

Swain, H., Adak, T., Mukherjee, A.K., Sarangi, S., Samal, P., Khandual, A., Jena, R., Battacharyya, P., Naik, S.K., Mehetre, S.T., Baite, M.S., Kumar, M.S. & Zaidi, N.W. 2021. Seed biopriming with Trichoderma strains isolated from the bark improves plant growth, antioxidative defense systems in rice and enhance straw degradation capacity. Front. Microbiol. 12: 633881.

Tao, Y., Chen, Q., Peng, S., Wang, W. & Nie, L. 2016. Lower global warming potential and higher yield of wet direct-seeded rice in Central China. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 36: 24. DOI:10.1007/s13593-016-0361-2

Unoki, S., Sitaresmi, T., Ehara, H. & Nugraha, Y. 2020. Potassium fertilizer under iron toxicity of ex-situ conditions and its effect to Fe content in the rice grain. J. Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan 4(2): 81-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jpptp.v4n2.2020.p1-8

Wahyuni, S., Agustiani, N., Salma, S. & Widiastuti, M.L. 2021. Seed treatment to improve seedling establishment in the anaerobic conditions. IOF Conf. Series: Earth and Environment Science 653: 012106. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/653/1/012106

Widajati, E., Salma, S. & Lastiandika, Y.A. 2013. Perlakuan coating dengan menggunakan isolate Methylobacterium spp. dan tepung curcuma untuk meningkatkan daya simpan benih padi hibrida. Bul. Agrohorti1: 79-88.

Yang, P., Li, X., Wang, X., Chan, H., Chen, F. & Shen, S. 2007. Proteomic analysis of rice (Oryza sativa) seeds during germinations Proteomics 7: 3358-3368.

Zheng, Z. & Shetty, K. 2000. Enhancement of pea (Pisum sativum) seedling vigour and associated phenolic content by extract of apple pomace fermented with Trichoderma spp. Process Biochemistry 36: 79-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-9592(98)00149-6

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: sri.wahyuni.bbpadi@gmail.com